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The Genius of Alain Locke
By Leonard Harris
Alain Leroy Locke was born in Philadelphia on September 13, 1886 to Pliny Ishmael Locke and Mary Hawkins Locke. The young Alain attended the Central High School of Philadelphia and the School of Pedagogy. Entering Harvard College in 1904, he studied under the celebrated faculty in philosophy that included Josiah Royce, Hugo Munsterberg, George Santayana, and William James. He was elected to Phi Beta Kappa and named a Rhodes Scholar in 1907. Locke pursued studies at Hertford College, Oxford University, from 1907 to 1910, and at the University of Berlin for the academic year 1910-1911. He received the Ph.D. degree from Harvard in 1918 in philosophy after a successful defense of his dissertation on "Problems of Classification in Theory of Value."
Locke's career as a teacher began at Howard University in 1912 and extended over a period of forty-one years. In 1921, he became Head of the Department of Philosophy and held this position until his retirement in 1953. In that year, Locke was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Humane Letters by Howard University. His career as a teacher and writer covered a wide range of interests in the humanities and the social sciences. His thinking on social and ethnic problems was informed by a philosophical view which he set forth as cultural pluralism. He was the author and editor of many books, including The New Negro, The Negro in Art, and When Peoples Meet: A study in Race and Cultural Contacts (with Bernard J. Stern).
Locke had a significant part in the development of the curriculum of the College of Liberal Arts at Howard University, particularly the program in general education. He advanced the study of philosophy, both as an independent discipline and as an ally with the social sciences in the analysis of social problems. He was one of the founders of Gamma Chapter of Phi Beta Kappa at Howard University. Locke was the architect of the New Negro Movement and the Harlem Renaissance, the focus of which was the promotion of black art and culture. His philosophical interests were focused primarily on three issues: values and valuation; cultural pluralism; and race relations. On cultural pluralism, Locke's view can be summarized thus: each culture group has its own identity and it is entitled to protect and promote it. In the particular context of America, the claim to cultural identity need not conflict with the claim to American citizenship. On race relations, Locke felt that if we can do away with prejudice and pride, we might be able to reconcile nationalism and internationalism, racialism and universalism.
Note: written on the occasion of The National Conference on Philosophy and Race, a celebration of Locke's life and contributions to philosophy in general, and African philosophy in particular on the 80th anniversary of his receipt of the Ph.D. degree in philosophy from Harvard.
Call for Papers
16th Meeting of the Alain Locke Society
The George Washington University, Washington, DC
Locke in Conversation: Cosmopolitanism and Global Citizenship
November 7 & 8, 2008
In keeping with this year’s theme the Society invites submissions that seek to consider the philosophy of Alain Locke in connection with other philosophical figures, traditions, disciplines or historical periods. The theme is open to broad interpretation and interdisciplinary contributions and submissions from any discipline are welcome. We also welcome submissions from undergraduate students labeled as such. Interested persons can submit either a completed paper or an abstract prepared for blind review. Paper submissions should not exceed a maximum length of 3,000 words and should also contain an abstract no longer that 250 words. For those submitting an abstract alone the abstract should be between 250-500 words. A completed paper will be due one month prior to the conference date.
SUBMISSIONS DEADLINE: August 15th 2008
Submissions should be sent to:
Jacoby Adeshei Carter
Dept. of Art, Music and Philosophy
John Jay College
899 Tenth Avenue Suite 325T
New York, NY 10019
jcarter@jjay.cuny.edu
Arnold Farr
Department of Philosophy
Saint Joseph's University
5600 City Avenue
Philadelphia, PA 19131-1395
arnold.farr@sju.edu
Concerning Accommodations Contact:
Rebecca Carr
Department of Philosophy
The George Washington University
801 22nd St, N.W. Suite T-525
Washington, DC 20052
rcarr@gwu.edu
202-994-6265
703-528-6827
Leonard Harris
Department of Philosophy
Purdue University
100 N. University Street
West Lafayette, IN 47907
harrisl@purdue.edu
765-496-3860
Sponsored by George Washington University’s Dept of Philosophy & Africana Studies, American University’s Dept. of Philosophy and Religion, and Howard University’s Dept. of Philosophy
Forthcoming Manuscript:
Reconciliation, Respect, and Tolerance in the Philosophy of Alain Locke
Patrick Goodin, “Philosophy, Art, and the Politics of Locke’s New Negro”
Goodin first outlines several features of Aristotle’s metaphysics, particular the concepts that require a the existence of immutable qualities. He then considers Locke’s critique of metaphysics and absolutism. In contrast, Goodin then performs a classical Socratic dialogue between Aristotle and Locke. The focus is on the way Locke’s metaphysical pluralism is a defeater of Aristotelian type metaphysics.
Chielozona Eze, “The Pitfalls of Cultural Consciousness: Alain Locke’s Critique of Harold Cruse’s The Crisis of the Negro Intellectual”
Harold Cruse often considered Locke's ideas of culture before the publication of his Crisis of the Negro Intellectual. However, Eze engages in a Socratic dialogue between Cruse and Locke regarding the kind of values needed to transcend cultural discords that involve incongruities of valuations creating intolerance.
Mark Hebling, “Alain Locke: Philosophy, Tolerance, and the Pragmatic Personality”
Hebling argues that Locke’s creates an alternative mode of social critique and cultural evaluation, one that relies on a nascent concept of personality. Considering an array of authors developing alternative approaches to popular methods of class analysis or appeal to paradigms of Victorian moral perfectionism, Hebling offers a novel reading of literary and cultures material from the renaissance. In so doing, he considers the role of personality in supporting a view of tolerance.
Gino Pellegrini, “Alain Locke and Multicultural Identity”
Pellegrini contends that “Locke’s conception of “culture-citizen” in its contingency, fluidity, and contradiction is I think present in the expression of self-identified multiracial.” Pellegrini considers Locke’s conception of race, social identities and cosmopolitanism. His considers the features of each of particular importance for a viable appreciation of multiracial identity that is sufficiently pliable to account for the vicissitudes of multiracial realities.
Arnold L. Farr, “Beyond Repressive Tolerance: Alain Locke’s Hermeneutics of Democracy as a Response to Herbert Marcuse’s Deconstruction of the Same”
Greg Moses, "Functional relativism and human rights"
Alain Locke proposed a culturally embedded method of assessing human activity that he termed "functional relativism". During the same era, concepts of universal human rights were being formulated and institutionalized. This chapter will argue that Locke's method of functional relativsm provides an enriching approach to understanding human rights and their universalizability.”
Leonard Harris, "Tolerance and Self-Defense"
Harris argues that forgiveness is neither a virtue, nor benevolence a response to injustice necessarily more consolatory than indignation. Harris contends that indignation is, under some circumstance, a moral good. In this regard, he considers boundaries and examples that would make a Lockean approach to valuation inclusive of value options other than those associated with the pacifist tradition.
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